Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class. It is used to treat various bacterial infections, including those affecting the urinary tract, respiratory tract, skin, gastrointestinal system, and bones and joints. Ciprofloxacin works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in bacteria, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

Ciprofloxacin is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, and intravenous (IV) formulations. It is commonly prescribed for conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), bronchitis, sinus infections, certain types of diarrhea, and more severe infections like anthrax exposure.

While generally effective, ciprofloxacin has potential side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea), dizziness, headache, and sensitivity to sunlight. It can also have more serious side effects, such as tendon inflammation or rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and effects on mood or behavior. Because of these risks, it’s often used when other, safer antibiotics are not suitable.

Patients should take ciprofloxacin as prescribed, avoid taking it with dairy products or calcium-fortified juices alone, and stay well hydrated. It is also important to complete the full course of therapy, even if symptoms improve before finishing the medication.