Menopause typically occurs between ages 45 and 56 and is marked by 12 months without a period due to declining ovarian function. Common symptoms include hot flashes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms), along with vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, and urinary issues (genitourinary syndrome of menopause).

Many women also experience sleep disturbances, mood changes such as anxiety or depression, and cognitive issues like memory lapses. Other symptoms can include fatigue, joint pain, weight gain, and decreased libido. Symptom severity varies widely, and management should be personalized based on individual needs, preferences, and medical history. Hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe symptoms, but non-hormonal and behavioral options are available for those who cannot or prefer not to use hormones.