Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual cramps that occur before or during menstruation. It is one of the most common gynecological conditions, affecting many individuals who menstruate. The pain typically originates in the lower abdomen but can also radiate to the lower back and thighs.

Dysmenorrhea can be classified into two main types:

Primary Dysmenorrhea – This occurs in the absence of an underlying medical condition and is caused by the natural process of menstruation. It usually begins within a year or two after the first menstrual period (menarche) and may decrease with age or after childbirth. The pain is due to high levels of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that cause the uterus to contract.

Secondary Dysmenorrhea – This is caused by an underlying reproductive health issue such as Endometriosis, Uterine fibroids, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Adenomyosis, Ovarian cysts and Intrauterine device complications.